Experimental evaluation of theories of collective behavior and collective action in explaining the potential of political protest: A case study of the southern cities of Tehran province

Authors

1 Associate professor of Sociology at Faculty of Humanities, Tarbeiat Modares University

2 Ph.D. Candidate of Political Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbeiat Modares University,

Abstract

The current article is formed around the question of which of the approaches of collective behavior and collective action is more capable of explaining the potential of political protest. collective behavior emphasizes the dissatisfaction of the masses as the cause of protests and the collective action approach underscores the rationality of activists and their rational calculation to participate in protests. Variables were extracted from each of these approaches and considered as independent variables to explain the potential of political protest. The assumptions derived from the two approaches of collective behavior and collective action were examined with the findings of a survey study in 6 cities located south of Tehran (Islamshahr, Baharestan, Shahryar, Shahr Quds, Rey, and Pakdasht). Finally, it was clearly determined that the approach of collective action has more able to explain the potential of political protest, in such a way that 17 percent of the changes in the potential of political protest are explained by the variables of the individual's perception of the effectiveness of protests and the individual's perception of the government's power to suppress, both of which are derived from the theory of collective action. Only 2 percent of the dependent variable is explained by the variable of political satisfaction which is derived from the theory of collective behavior.

Keywords

References

اینگلهارت، رونالد (1373). تحول فرهنگی در جوامع پیشرفته صنعتی، مریم وتر، تهران: کویر.
آپ، کارل دیتر (1395). جنبش اجتماعی و اعتراض سیاسی، ترجمۀ مجید عباسی، تهران: پژوهشکده مطالعات راهبردی.
ببی، ارل (1381). روش‌های تحقیق در علوم اجتماعی، ترجمۀ رضا فاضل، تهرانک سمت.
جانستون، هنک (1399)، جنبش اجتماعی چیست؟، ترجمۀ سعید کشاورزی و مریم کریمی، تهران: ثالث.
دلاپورتا، دوناتلا، دیانی، ماریو (1384). مقدمه‌ای بر جنبش‌های اجتماعی، ترجمۀ محمدتقی دلفروز، تهران: کویر.
شهیکی تاش، محمدنبی، مولایی، صابر، دینارزهی، خدیجه (1393). بررسی ارتباط رشد اقتصادی و ضریب رفاه اجتماعی در ایران بر اساس رهیافت بیزین، فصل‌نامۀ پژوهش‌های رشد و توسعۀ اقتصادی، 4(16). 52-41.
طالبان، محمدرضا (1399). دینداری و پتانسیل اعتراض سیاسی، فصل‌نامۀ مسائل اجتماعی ایران، 1(11)، 176-143.
علیخواه، فردین (1389). احساس محرومیت نسبی و پتانسیل اعتراض سیاسی (مطالعۀ شهر تهران)، پایان‌نامۀ دکتری، تهران، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی.
مرکز افکارسنجی دانشجویان ایران-ایسپا (1396)، نگرش مردم ایران در خصوص تجمعات دی ماه 1396.
مرکز افکارسنجی دانشجویان ایران-ایسپا (1398)، نگرش مردم تهران در خصوص سهمیه‌بندی بنزین و اعتراضات آبان 98.
 
 
 
 
 
 
Almond, GA., & Verba, S.  (1963). The civic culture. Princeton university press, Princeton.
Bahry, D., & Silver, B. (1990). Soviet citizen participation on the eve of democratization. American Political Science Review, 84(3):821–848.
Barnes, SH., & Kaase, M(eds). (1979). Political action: mass participation in fiveWestern democracies. Sage, Beverly Hills.
Bean, C. (1991). Participation and political protest. Political Behavior, 13 (3): 253 -283.
Canache, D., & Kulisheck, M. (1998). Political support and attitudes toward protest in Venezuela, Paper to be presented at the Annual Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association. Chicago, IL, September: 24 -26.
Dalton, RJ. (2004). Democratic challenges, democratic choices: the erosion of political support in advanced industrial societies. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Dalton, RJ. (2008). Citizen politics: public opinion and political parties in advanced industrial democracies. Chatam House, Chatam.
Dalton, R., Van Sickle, A., & Weldon, S. (2009). The individual - institutional nexus of Protest behavior. British Journal of Political Science, 40 (1): 51 -73.
Della Porta, D., & Diani, M. (2006). Social movements: an introduction. Blackwell, Oxford.
 Farah, BG., Barnes, SH., & Heunks, F. (1979). Personal dissatisfaction, In: Barnes SH, Kaase M (eds) Political action: mass participation in five Western democracies. Sage, Beverly Hills, pp 381–407.
Farah, BG., Barnes, SH., & Heunks, F. (1979). Political dissatisfaction, In: Barnes SH, Kaase M (eds) Political action: mass participation in five Western democracies. Sage, Beverly Hills, pp 409–448.
Flavin, P., & Keane, MJ. (2012). Life satisfaction and political participation: Evidence from the United States. Journal of happiness studies: An interdisciplinary forum on subjective well-being, 13(1), 63–78
Gamson, WA. (1968). Power and discontent. Dorsey, Homewood.
Gamson, W. (1990). The strategy of social protest, 2nd edn. Belmont, Calif: Wadswort h.
Gurr, TR. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization: cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Jennings, KM., Van Deth, JW., Barnes, SH., Fuchs, D., Heunks, FJ., Inglehart, R., Kaase, M., Klingemann, H-D., & Thomassen, JJA (eds). (1989). Continuities in political action: a longitudinal study of political orientations in three Western democracies. De Gruyter, Berlin/New York.
Kaase, M. (1999). Interpersonal trust, political trust and non-institutionalised political participation in Western Europe. In West European Politics, 22(3), 1-21.
Kaase, M., & Marsh, A. (1979a). Political action: a theoretical perspective, In: Barnes SH, Kaase M (eds) Political action: mass participation in five Western democracies. Sage, Beverly Hills, pp 27–56.
Keck, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). Activists beyond borders: advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
Klandermans, B. (1984). Mobilization and participation: Social - Psychological expansions of eesource mobilization theory. American Sociological Review, 49 (October): 583 -600.
Levi, M., & Stoker, L. (2000). Political trust and trustworthiness. Annual Review of Political Science, 3:475–507.
Lipsky, M. (1968). Protest as a political resource. American political science review, 62, 1144-1158.
Marsh, A. (1974). Explorations in Unorthodox political behaviour. European Journal of Political Research, 2: 107 -129.
Marsh, A., & Kaase, M. (1979). Measuring political action, in: Political action. Mass participation in five Western democracies, (ed.) Samuel Barnes, and Max Kaase. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
McAdam, D., McCartthy, J., & Zald, M. N. (1988). Comparative perspectives on social movements. Political opportunities, mobilizing structures and cultural framings. Cambridge: Cambridge university press.
Milbrath, LW., & Goel, ML. (1977). Political participation: how and why do people get involved in politics. University Press of America, Lanham.
Miller, WE. (1980). Disinterest, disaffection, and participation in presidential politics. Political Behavior 2(1):7–32.
Muller, EN., Jukam, TO., & Seligson, MA. (1982). Diffuse political support and antisystem political behavior: a comparative analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 26(2):240–264.
Muller, EN., & Opp, K-D. (1986). Rational choice and rebellious collective action. American Journal of Political Science, 80(2):471–488.
Muller, E. N. (1972). A test of a partial theory of potential for political violence, American political science review, 66, 928-959.
Norris, P. (2002). Democratic phoenix: reinventing political activism. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Olson, M. (1965). The logic of collective action. Cambridge, M A: Harvard university press.
Parry, G., Moyser G., & Day, N. (1992). Political participation and democracy in Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Piven, F.F., & Cloward, R.A. (1979). Poor people movements: Why the succeed, how they fail. New York: vintage books.
Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community. Simon &Schuster, New York.
Quaranta, M.) 2015(. Political protest in Western Europe. Exploring the role of context inpolitical action. Cham: Springer. Raniolo, Francesco.
Rosenstone, SJ., & Hansen, JM. (1993). Mobilization, participation, and democracy in America. Macmillan, New York.
Rucht, D. (2007). The spread of protest politics. In: Dalton RJ, Klingemann H-D (eds) The Oxford handbook of political behavior. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 708–723.
Schussman, A., & Soule, S. A. (2005). Process and protest: Accounting for individual protest participation, social forces, 84, 1083-1108.
Simon, Schuster. (1982). Webster new dictionary. USA, western corporation, seventh edition.
Teorell, J.,  Torcal, M., & Montero, JR. (2007). Political participation, Mapping the terrain. In: Van Deth JW, Montero JR, Westholm A (eds) Citizenhip and involvement in European democracies. A comparative analysis”. Routledge, London, pp 334–357.
Tilly, Ch. (1978). From mobilization to revolution. New York: Random House.
Van Deth, JW., Montero, JR., & Westholm, A (eds). (2007). Citizenship and involvement in European democracies: A comparative analysis. Routledge, London.
Veenhoven, R. (1984). Conditions of happiness. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Verba, S., & Nie, NH. (1972). Participation in America: political democracy and social equality. Harper and Row, New York.
Welzel, C., & Deutsch, F. (2012). Emancipative values and non-violent protest: the importance of ‘ecological’ effects. British Journal of Political Science , 42(2):465–479.
 
Sociology of Social Institutions
Volume 9, Issue 20
March 2023
Pages 135-164

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics