شناسایی مسیرهای علّی منتهی به موقعیت پیرامونی در نظام جهانی علم (یک تحلیل تطبیقی کیفی با رویکرد مجموعه‌های فازی)

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی و توسعه، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 دانشیار جامعه‌شناسی، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 استادیار جامعه‌شناسی، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

اهداف: چهار هدف اصلی مطالعه حاضر عبارتند از: 1- شناسایی موقعیت کشورها در نظام جهانی علم؛ 2- شناسایی شروط لازم برای قرار گرفتن در موقعیت پیرامونی؛ 3- شناسایی مسیرهای علی منتهی به موقعیت پیرامونی؛ 4- توصیف شیوه‌های بهبود موقعیت پیرامونی. روش مطالعه: پژوهش مبتنی بر دو روش تحلیل شبکه و تحلیل تطبیقی کیفی با رویکرد مجموعه‌های فازی بود. داده‌های ثانویه برمبنای مدل نظری پژوهش از پایگاه‌های دادۀ بین‌المللی و مجموعه داده‌های متعدد برای بازه 2017-2002 گردآوری شدند. تعداد مشاهدات سال - کشور برابر با 2644 بود. یافته‌ها: تحلیل موقعیت کشورها در نظام جهانی علم حاکی از اینکه در سال 2002، حدود 82 درصد کشورها در موقعیت پیرامونی نظام جهانی علم قرار داشتند که از این میزان فقط 7 درصد در فاصلۀ زمانی مورد بررسی به موقعیت نیمه‌پیرامونی ارتقا یافتند. تحلیل شروط لازم نشان داد که دو شرط ارزش صادرات اندک و تبادل ضعیف دانشجوی بین‌الملل لازمۀ قرار گرفتن در موقعیت پیرامونی هستند، اما هیچ‌کدام به‌تنهایی به موقعیت پیرامونی نمی‌انجامند. سایر شروط عبارت بودند از: لیبرال دموکراسی، کارایی حکومت، توسعۀ انسانی، مشابهت اجتماعی، زبان انگلیسی و وابستگی به روابط استعماری. یافته‌های تحلیل کافی بیانگر اینکه ترکیب ارزش صادرات اندک و تبادل ضعیف دانشجوی بین‌الملل به موقعیت پیرامونی در نظام جهانی علم منتهی می‌شود. ترسیم فضای فاز کشورهای ارتقایافته نشان داد که افزایش ارزش صادرات در سنگاپور، افزایش تبادل دانشجوی بین‌الملل در ایران، آفریقای جنوبی، ترکیه، عربستان سعودی و کلمبیا و افزایش هر دو در رومانی به بهبود موقعیت این کشورها در نظام جهانی علم کمک نموده است. نتیجه‌گیری: تغییر موقعیت پیرامونی به نیمۀ پیرامونی غالباً مقارن با یک تغییر کیفی در نظام اجتماعی است که این تغییر کیفی خود محصول تغییر عناصری از خرده‌نظام‌های اقتصادی یا اجتماعی یا هر دو است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying the causal paths leading to the peripheral position in the world’s scientific system (A fuzzy-sets qualitative comparative analysis)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahsa Sadeghinezhad 1
  • Mohsen Noghani Dokht Bahmani 2
  • Ahmadreza Asgharpourmasouleh 3
1 Ph.D. student of Economic Sociology and Development, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Associate Professor of Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Objectives: The four main objectives of the study are: 1- Identifying the countries’ position in the world’s scientific system; 2- Identifying the necessary conditions for the peripheral position; 3- Identifying the causal paths leading to the peripheral position; 4- Description of ways to improve the peripheral position. Methods: The research was based on network analysis and fuzzy-sets qualitative comparative analysis. The data were secondary and were collected based on the theoretical model of research from international databases and different data sets for the period 2002-2017. The number of country-year observations was 2644. Results: The countries’ position analysis in the world’s scientific system indicated that in 2002, nearly 82% of countries were in the peripheral position, of which only 7% were promoted to the semi-peripheral position during the studied period. The analysis of the necessary conditions showed that low exported value and weak exchange of international students are necessary to be placed in a peripheral position, but none of them alone lead to a peripheral position. Other conditions were liberal democracy, government effectiveness, human development, social similarity, English language, and dependence on colonial relations. The sufficient analysis indicated that the combination of low exported value and weak exchange of international students leads to a peripheral position in the world’s scientific system. Drawing the phase space of the upgraded countries showed that Singapore's position improved through increasing exported value. However, countries such as Iran, South Africa, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Colombia have achieved the same outcome through increasing international student exchange. Romania is the only country whose position improvement was due to an increase in both conditions. Conclusion: The change of peripheral position to semi-peripheral often coincides with a qualitative change in the social system, which is the product of changing elements of the economic or social subsystems or both.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • World’s Scientific System
  • International Scientific Collaboration
  • Peripheral Position
  • Fuzzy-set
  • Causal Path
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